主要统计指标解释
工业 指从事自然资源的开采,对采掘品和农产品进行加工和再加工的物质生产部门。具体包括:(1)对自然资源的开采,如采矿、晒盐、森林采伐等(但不包括禽兽捕猎和水产捕捞);(2)对农副产品的加工、再加工,如粮油加工、食品加工、轧花、缫丝、纺织、制革等;(3)对采掘品的加工、再加工,如炼铁、炼钢、化工生产、石油加工、机器制造、木材加工等,以及电力、自来水、煤气的生产和供应等;(4)对工业品的修理、翻新,如机器设备的修理、交通运输工具(包括小卧车)的修理等。
规模以上非国有工业企业 指产品销售收入在500万元以上的非国有工业企业。
国有企业(即原全民所有制工业或国营工业) 是指企业全部资产归国家所有,并按《中华人民共和国企业法人登记管理条例》规定登记注册的非公司制的经济组织。包括国有企业、国有独资公司和国有联营企业。1957年以前的公私合营和私营工业,后均改造为国营工业,1992年改为国有工业,这部分工业的资料不单独分列时,均包括在国有企业内。
国有控股企业 是对混合所有制经济的企业进行的“国有控股”分类。它是指这些企业的全部资产中国有资产(股份)相对其他所有者中的任何一个所有者占资(股)最多的企业。该分组反映了国有经济控股情况。
集体工业 指企业资产归集体所有,并按《中华人民共和国企业法人登记管理条例》规定登记注册的经济组织。是社会主义公有制经济的组成部分。包括城乡所有使用集体投资举办的企业,以及部分个人通过集资自愿放弃所有权并依法经工商行政管理机关认定为集体所有制的企业。
股份有限公司 指根据《中华人民共和国企业法人登记管理条例》规定登记注册,其全部注册资本由等额股份构成并通过发行股票筹集资本,股东以其认购的股份对公司承担有限责任,公司以其全部资产对其债务承担责任的经济组织。
港、澳、台商投资企业 指企业注册登记类型中的港、澳、台资合资、合作、独资经营企业和股份有限公司之和。
外商投资企业 指企业注册登记类型中的中外合资、合作经营企业、外资企业和外商投资股份有限公司之和。
轻工业 指主要提供生活消费品和制作手工工具的工业。按其所使用的原料不同,可分为两大类:(1)以农产品为原料的轻工业,是指直接或间接以农产品为基本原料的轻工业。主要包括食品制造、饮料制造、烟草加工、纺织、缝纫、皮革和毛皮制作、造纸以及印刷等工业;(2)以非农产品为原料的轻工业,是指以工业品为原料的轻工业。主要包括文教体育用品、化学药品制造、合成纤维制造、日用化学制品、日用玻璃制品、日用金属制品、手工工具制造、医疗器械制造、文化和办公用机械制造等工业。
重工业 指为国民经济各部门提供物质技术基础的主要生产资料的工业。按其生产性质和产品用途,可以分为下列三类:(1)采掘(伐)工业,是指对自然资源的开采,包括石油开采、煤炭开采、金属矿开采、非金属矿开采和木材采伐等工业;(2)原材料工业,指向国民经济各部门提供基本材料、动力和燃料的工业。包括金属冶炼及加工、炼焦及焦炭、化学、化工原料、水泥、人造板以及电力、石油和煤炭加工等工业;(3)加工工业,是指对工业原材料进行再加工制造的工业。包括装备国民经济各部门的机械设备制造工业、金属结构、水泥制品等工业,以及为农业提供的生产资料如化肥、农药等工业。
根据上述划分原则,修理业中以重工业产品为修理作业对象的划为重工业,反之划为轻工业。
工业总产值 是以货币表现的工业企业在一定时期内生产的工业最终产品或提供工业性劳务活动的总价值量。它反映一定时期内工业生产的总规模和总水平。
计算原则:(1)工业生产的原则,即凡是企业在报告期生产的经检验合格的产品,不管是否在报告期销售,均包括在内。(2)最终产品的原则,即凡是计入工业总产值的产品,必须是本企业生产的经检验合格的,不需要再进行任何加工的最终产品。如果企业有中间产品(半成品)对外销售,则对外销售的中间产品应视为企业的最终产品。(3)工厂法原则,即工业总产值是以工业企业作为基本计算(核算)单位,即按企业的最终产品计算工业总产值。按这种方法计算的工业总产值,不允许同一产品价值在企业内部重复计算,不能把企业内部各个车间(分厂)生产的成果相加,但允许企业间的重复计算。
内容及计算方法:1995年全国工业普查对工业总产值(原规定)的内容及计算原则和方法做了某些修订,修订后的工业总产值(新规定)包括三项内容,即本期生产成品价值、对外加工费收入、在制品半成品期末期初差额价值三部分。
工业增加值 指工业企业在报告期内以货币表现的工业生产活动的最终成果。
工业增加值有两种计算方法:一是生产法,即工业总产出减去工业中间投入加上应交增值税;二是收入法,即从收入的角度出发,根据生产要素在生产过程中应得到的收入份额计算,具体构成项目有固定资产折旧、劳动者报酬、生产税净额、营业盈余,这种方法也称要素分配法。本年鉴中的工业增加值是以生产法计算的。
生产法工业增加值的计算方法为: 工业增加值= 工业总产出- 工业中间投入+ 应交增值税
实收资本 指企业实际收到的投资人投入的资本。按投资主体可分为国家资本 、集体资本、法人资本、个人资本、港澳台资本和外商资本等。
资产合计 指企业拥有或控制的能以货币计量的经济资源。包括各种财产、债权和其他权利。资产按其流动性划分为流动资产、长期投资、固定资产、无形及递延资产和其他资产。
流动资产 指可以在一年或者超过一年的一个营业周期内变现或者耗用的资产,包括现金及各种存款、短期投资、应收及预付货款、存货等。
固定资产原价 指企业在建造、购置、安装、改建、扩建、技术改造某项固定资产时所支出的全部货币总额。它一般包括买价、包装费、运杂费和安装费等。
固定资产净值 指固定资产原价减去历年已提折旧额后的净额。
流动负债 指企业在一年或超过一年的一个营业周期内偿还的债务。包括短期负债、应付票据、应付帐款、预收帐款、应付工资、应付福利费、应交税金、应付利润、其他应付款、预提费用等。流动负债具有偿还期限短,在债权人提出要求时即期偿付,或在一年内必须偿还的特点。
长期负债 指偿还期在一年或超过一年的一个营业周期以上的债务,它是除了投资人投入企业的资本以外,企业向债权人筹集、可供企业长期使用的资金,是企业必须以资产或劳务偿还的经济责任,包括长期借款、应付债款、长期应付款、其他长期负债等。与流动负债相比,长期负债具有为数较大、偿还期限较长的特点,且对投资者来说可带来更大的利益。
所有者权益 指企业投资人对企业净资产的所有权。企业净资产等于企业全部资产减去全部负债后的余额,包括投资人对企业的最初投入的实际到位的资产,及资本公积金、盈余公积金和未分配利润。
产品销售收入 指企业在报告期内生产的成品、自制半成品和工业性劳务取得的收入。
产品销售成本 指企业在报告期内销售本企业生产的成品、自制半成品和工业性劳务等的实际成本。
产品销售税金及附加 指企业在报告期内销售产品、提供的劳务等主要经营业务应负担的城市维护建设税、消费税、资源税和教育费附加等。
产品销售利润 指企业销售产品和提供的劳务等主要经营业务收入扣除其成本、费用、税金后的利润。
利润总额 指企业生产经营活动的最终成果,是企业在一定时期内实现的盈亏相抵后的利润总额(亏损以“—”号表示),它等于营业利润加上补贴收入加上投资收益加上营业外净收入再加上以前年度损益调整。
总资产贡献率 反映企业全部资产的获利能力,是企业经营业绩和管理水平的集中体现,是评价和考核企业盈利能力的核心指标。 计算公式为:
总资产贡献率(%)=(利润总额+税金总额+利息支出)/平均资产总额×100%
公式中:税金总额为产品销售税金及附加与应交增值税之和。
资产负债率 该指标既反映企业经营风险的大小,也反映企业利用债权人提供的资金从事经营活动的能力。计算公式为:
资产负债率(%)=(负债总额/资产总额)×100%
成本费用利润率 反映企业投入的生产成本及费用的经济效益,同时也反映企业降低成本所取得的经济效益。计算公式为:
成本费用利润率(%)=(利润总额/成本费用总额)×100%
流动资金周转次数 指在一定时期内流动资金完成的周转次数,反映投入工业企业流动资金的周转速度。计算公式为:
流动资金周转次数=产品销售收入/全部流动资产平均余额
产品销售率 该指标反映工业产品已实现销售的程度,是分析工业产销衔接情况、研究工业产品满足社会需求程度的指标。计算公式为:
产品销售率(%)=〔工业销售产值/工业总产值(现价) 〕×100%
全员劳动生产率 该指标反映企业的生产效率和劳动投入的经济效益。计算公式为:
全员劳动生产率(元/人)=工业增加值/全部从业人员平均人数
Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Industry refers to the material production sector which is engaged in extraction of natural resources and processing and reprocessing of minerals and agricultural products, including (1) extraction of natural resources, such as mining, salt production, logging (but not including hunting and fishing); (2) processing and reprocessing of farm and sideline produces, such as rice husking, flour milling, wine making, oil pressing, cotton ginning, silk reeling, spinning and weaving, and leather making; (3) manufacture of industrial products, such as steel making, iron smelting, chemicals manufacturing, petroleum processing, machine building, timber processing; water and gas production and electricity generation and supply; (4)repairing of industrial products such as the repairing of machinery and means of transport (including cars).
Non-state-owned industrial Enterprises above designated size refer to annual revenue from principal business over 5 million yuan..
State-owned enterprises refers to non-corporation economic units, where the entire assets are owned by the state and which have registered in accordance with the Regulation of the People’s Republic of China on the Management of Registration of Corporate Enterprises, including the state-owned enterprise, sole state-funded corporation and state-owned joint ownership enterprise. Joint state-private industries and private industries, which existed before 1957, have been transformed into state-run industries. Since 1992, those were named state-owned industries. Statistics on these enterprises has been included in the state-industries since 1957 when separation of data was no longer necessary.
Collective-owned Industry refers to industrial enterprises where the means of production are owned collectively, including urban and rural enterprises invested by collectives and some enterprises which were formerly owned privately but have been registered in industrial and commercial administration agency as collective units through raising fund from the public.
Share-holding Corporations Ltd. refer to economic units registered in accordance with the Regulation of the People’s Republic of China on the Management of Registration of Corporate Enterprises, with total registered capitals divided into equal shares and raised through issuing stocks. Each investor hears limited liability to the corporation depending on the holding of shares, and the corporation bears liability to its debt to the maximum of its total assets.
Enterprises with Funds form Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan refers to all industrial enterprises registered as the joint venture, cooperative, sole (exclusive) investment industrial enterprises and limited liability corporations with funds from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.
Foreign Funded Enterprises refers to all industrial enterprises registered as the joint venture, cooperative, sole (exclusive) investment industrial enterprises and limited liability corporations with foreign funds.
Light Industry refers to the industry that produces consumer goods and hand tools. It consists of two categories, depending on the materials used:
(1) Industries using farm products as raw materials. These are branches of light industry which directly or indirectly use farm products as basic raw materials, including the manufacture of food and beverages, tobacco processing, textile, clothing, fur and leather manufacturing, paper making, printing, etc.
(2) Industries using non farm products as raw materials. These are branches of light industry which use manufactured goods as raw materials, including the manufacture of cultural, educational articles and sports goods, chemicals, synthetic fiber, chemical products for daily use, glass products for daily use, metal products for daily use, hand tools, medical apparatus and instruments, and the manufacture of cultural and clerical machinery.
Heavy Industry refers to the industry, which produces capital goods, and provides various sectors of the national economy with necessary material and technical basis. It consists of the following three branches according to the purpose of production or the use of products:
(1)Mining, quarrying and logging industry refers to the industry that extracts natural resources, including extraction of petroleum, coal, metal and non-metal ores and logging.
(2) Raw materials industry refers to the industry that provides various sectors of the national economy with raw materials, fuels and power. It includes smelting and processing of metals, coking and coke chemistry, chemical materials and building materials such as cement, plywood, and power, petroleum refining and coal dressing.
(3) Manufacturing industry refers to the industry that processes raw materials. It includes machine-building industry, which equips sectors of the national economy, industries of metal structure and cement products, industries producing means of agricultural production, such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
According to the above principle of classification, the repairing trades which are engaged primarily in repairing products of heavy industry are classified into heavy industry while these engaged in repairing products of light industry are classified into light industry.
Gross Industrial Output Value is the total volume of final industrial products produced and industrial services provided during a given period. It reflects the total achievements and overall scale of industrial production during a given period.
Principles for calculation: Statistics on industrial production follow the principle that all products produced by the enterprises and accepted during the reference period are to be included no matter whether they are sold or not during the reference period. Determination of final products follow the principle that all products that are included in the calculation of grow industrial output value are the final products of the enterprise which have been accepted through quality check and require no further processing. If an enterprise has intermediate (semi-finished) products to sell, these intermediate products are considered as the final products of the enterprise.
Gross industrial output value is calculated following the principle of factory approach, i.e. industrial enterprise is used as the basic accounting unit in calculating the gross industrial output value. By this approach, value of the same product is not to be double counted, and the output value of different workshops (branch factories) should not be added. However, this approach does not exclude the possibility of double counting between enterprises.
Content and calculation method: The old definition of gross industrial output value was modified during the national industrial census in 1995. The revised (new) definition of gross industrial output value consists of 3 components: value of the finished products during the reference period, income from external processing, and value of change in semi-finished products at the end and at the beginning of the reference period.
Value-added of Industry refers to the final results of industrial production of industrial enterprises in money terms during the reference period.
Industrial value-added can be calculated by two approaches: the production approach, i.e. gross industrial output value minus intermediate input plus value-added tax, and the income approach, i.e. income for various factors used in the course of production, including depreciation of fixed assets, remuneration of labourers, net of production tax, and operating surplus. Value-added of industry in the Yearbook is calculated by production approach as following:
Value-added of industry = gross industrial output – industrial intermediate input + value-added tax
Capitals Obtained refers to capital actually received by the enterprise from investors that could be used as operational capitals for a long period. According to the current accounting system, capitals obtained can be classified by investors as state capital, collective capital, corporate capital, individual capital, capital from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and foreign capital.
Total Assets refer to all economic resources, in monetary terms, which is owned or controlled by enterprises, including properties, creditors equity and other economic rights of all forms. Classified by the degree of equitability, total assets include circulating assets, long-term investment, fixed assets, intangible assets and deferred assets, and other assets.
Total of Working Capitals refer to capitals which can be cashed in or spent or consumed in an operating cycle of one year or over one year, including cash, all kinds of deposits, short term investment, receivable and payable payment for goods or deposits.
Original Value of Fixed Assets refers to the value of payment by the enterprise in building, purchasing installing reconstructing, expending or transforming a particular item of fixed assets. In general, it includes value of purchase, cost for packaging, transportation, installation, etc.
Net Value of Fixed Assets is obtained by deducting depreciation over years from the original value of fixed assets.
Total Liquid Liabilities refer to enterprises' total debt payable within an operating cycle of one year or over one year, including short-term loans, notes and accounts payable, advance payments received, wages and welfare funds payable, taxes and profit payable, other payables, fees received by advance payment, etc. Liquid liabilities feature in the short term of payment , immediate payment at the request of creditors, or pay able within one y ear.
Total Long-term Liabilities refers to the debt payable within an operating cycle of one year or over one year. It is the capital that enterprises raised from creditors for the long-term use of enterprises in addition to capitals put into the enterprise by investors, and constitutes the economic liabilities that enterprises have to repay by assets or labour services, including long-term loans, payable liabilities, long-term payable, other long-term liabilities, etc. Compared with the liquid liabilities, the long-term liabilities feature in large volume, longer term for repayment, and larger benefits for investors.
Creditors' Equity refers to investor ownership of net assets of the enterprise, which is equal to the total assets of the enterprise minus its total liabilities, including the primary input actually received at the enterprise from investors, capital accumulation fund, surplus accumulation fund and undistributed profit.
Sales Revenue of Industrial Products refers to the revenue from the sales of finished and semi-finished products and from rendering of industrial services by industrial enterprises during the reference period.
Cost of Industrial Products Sold refers to the actual cost of finished and semi-finished products sold and industrial services rendered by industrial enterprises during the reference period.
Tax and Extra Charges on Sales of Products refer to the tax on city maintenance and construction, consumption tax, resources tax and extra charges for education, which should be borne by the enterprises in selling products and providing industrial services during the reference period.
Profit from Sales of Products refers to the profit gained by the enterprises by deducting cost, charges and taxes from the business income of the enterprises obtained in selling products and providing industrial services.
Total Profits refer to the final achievements of production and operation of the enterprises, represented by the total profits after deducting losses (loss is expressed by the negative figure). It is the sum of profits from operation, income from subsidies, investment earnings, net income from activities other than operation, and adjustment of profits and losses of previous years.
Ratio of Profits, Taxes and Interests to Average Assets reflects the profit-making capability of all assets of the enterprise and is a key indicator manifesting the performance and management and evaluating the profit-making potential of the enterprise. It is calculated as follows:
Ratio of profits, taxes and interests to average as sets (%) =[(total profits + total taxes + interest payment) / average assets ]× 100%
In the above formula, total taxes is the sum of tax and extra charges on the sales of products and value-added tax payable.
Ratio of Debts to Assets reflect both the operation risk and the capability of the enterprise in making use of the capital from the creditors. It is calculated as follows:
Ratio of debts to assets (%) = (total debts / total assets)×100%
Ratio of Profits to Total Industrial Costs refers to the ratio of profits realized in a given period to the total costs in the same period, which reflects the economic efficiency of input cost and is calculated as follows:
Ratio of profits to total industrial cost (%)=(total profits/total cost s)× 100%
Turnover of Working Capital refers to the number of times of turnover of working capital in a given period of time, which reflects the speed of the turnover of working capital of industrial enterprises, and is calculated as follows:
Turnover of working capital=(sales revenue of products)/(average balance of total working capital)
Ratio of Sales to Gross Output Value reflects the degree at which industrial products are sold. It helps to analyze the linkage between production and sales and the extent of the needs of the society that has been met by the supply of industrial products. It is calculated as follows:
Ratio of Sales to Gross Output Value=[Industrial sales /Gross industrial output value (at current prices)]× 100%
Overall Labour Productivity of Industrial Enterprises reflects efficiency of production and economic results of labour input of enterprises. The formula used is:
Overall labour productivity=(value added of industry) / (average number of staff and workers)